In the flight of a vehicle through the atmosphere, some of the body's The radiation in the visible spectrum was orange-red in color. For example, starting at the same altitudes and velocities, a direct descent may traverse a distance of only a few hundred miles and be accomplished in about one-half minute; an orbital decay might cover a range of a few thousand miles in 5 or 10 minutes; and a lifting descent might The three general types of atmospheric penetration illustrated in figure 3-1 the steep descent path of a direct entry from space, the more gradual descent path of a satellite orbit decay, and a very gradual glide or lifting descent-are accompanied by differing patterns of deceleration. At 40,000 feet, while still travelling at one and a half times the speed of sound, it executes a 180 degree turn and takes a bearing on its runway. The angle of entry is, however, open to selection to relieve the severity of entry conditions. In this case, the deceleration does not go through a sharp peak, but increases gradually to a maximum. Within 3 seconds after the first reentry light was observed the phenomena had blossomed into 3 distinct objects. Additionally, the steeper the entry angle, the higher the heat flux. However, the increased structural weight resulting from the higher load factors and greater peak aerodynamic heating rates of the skip rocket reduce its net range below that of the glide rocket. The high While the power-on landings appear to present no insurmountable problems, as has been demonstrated by current VTOL aircraft, the weight penalty for a rocket vehicle would probably be excessive. The phase of satellite orbital decay of interest here is the very last portion where heating and deceleration are appreciable-say, about the last 2,000 miles and the last few minutes of the satellite lifetime.

If an ICBM were converted to a glide rocket of the same range and initial gross weight, the payload could be 8 to 10 times as great. Heating drops to zero upon exit from the atmosphere, and the skin is cooled by radiating its heat while the missile is going over the top of its trajectory. conditions, hypersonic aerodynamics is much more complex than The chief effects accompanying atmospheric entry are reduction of vehicle velocity accompanied by appreciable deceleration loads and by appreciable heating. When the airplane enters the trees, it suffers deceleration due to impacts with part of the trees (aerodynamic drag) and suffers surface damage due to abrasion by twigs and branches (aerodynamic heating). Some idea of the spectacular nature of a high-speed reentry can be the planet. The brightest object appeared similar to a huge magnesium flare, which was assumed to be the booster. If, however, the latter body were oriented in the position shown in figure 6c, a lift force would be developed; and it would assume a more shallow path of descent with less heating and loading. It is a long, thin, streamlined vehicle because of the importance of high lift and low drag. For an inhabited vehicle, the maximum acceleration could be reduced to a tolerable limit - perhaps 4 g - by extending the time of powered flight, i.e., accelerating more gradually. The physical and chemical characteristics of the planetary atmosphere also strongly influence entry characteristics.

The fraction of the original energy that appears as heat in the body depends upon the characteristics of the flow around the

tenths of a degree. It is expected that development of a hypersonic cruise aircraft must wait the advent of an efficient sustaining powerplant, such as a hypersonic ramjet. Excuse my ignorance, but if the earth is rotating at "only" 1,000 mph, why is it necessary to reenter the atmosphere at 17,000 mph? lower-speed aerodynamics. The effects of some of these factors on atmospheric entry condition can be visualized with the aid of a simple analogy.

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